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- <text id=93TT1763>
- <title>
- May 24, 1993: Sustainable Follies
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- May 24, 1993 Kids, Sex & Values
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- ENVIRONMENT, Page 56
- Sustainable Follies
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> How are African elephants similar to minke whales? Neither
- animal is in immediate danger of extinction, but both are
- protected by international hunting bans because past efforts to
- exploit the beasts commercially have driven their populations
- into precipitous decline. Countries that have well-managed
- elephant herds, including Zimbabwe, South Africa and Botswana,
- are eager to sell ivory, just as Norway and Japan want to kill
- whales. But conservationists are loath to exempt specific nations
- from the ivory-trade ban for fear that any traffic in tusks will
- bring a reprise of the rampant cheating that occurred before sales
- became illegal in 1989.
- </p>
- <p> When it comes to exploiting nature, humans seem to be like alcoholics:
- either on the wagon or on a binge. The fashionable and optimistic
- belief that humans can reap nature's bounty in a controlled
- fashion--an ideal known as "sustainable use" that has long
- been the prevailing philosophy of conservationists as well as
- many businessmen--is turning out to be a chimera.
- </p>
- <p> Though many of the world's fisheries are ostensibly managed
- on a sustainable basis, important species are in danger. Among
- them: bluefin tuna, cod and haddock in the Atlantic; certain
- varieties of grouper and snapper in the Gulf of Mexico; and
- sardines and anchovies in the Pacific. The United Nations and
- World Bank sponsored the Tropical Forestry Action Plan to sustain
- forests, but instead the plan spurred further deforestation.
- When asked by an environmentalist what he meant by sustainable,
- a World Bank agronomist replied, "Fifty years of timber production."
- Even the rubber tappers of Brazil's Amazon rain forest, who
- along with their martyred leader, Chico Mendes, became symbols
- of the sustainable use of tropical forests, overexploit their
- ecosystem. Writing in the journal BioScience, John Browder notes
- that in search of food and sources of cash, these seringueiros
- can kill off wildlife and cut forests as much as settlers do.
- </p>
- <p> Sustainable use is not some fringe idea, but rather the central
- organizing principle for global environmental policy, a concept
- refined over two decades at international conferences. It is
- often paired with "sustainable development"--the notion that
- economic development, if carried out in a careful manner, can
- proceed without exhausting the natural resources needed by future
- generations. As recently as last June during the Earth Summit
- in Rio de Janeiro, governments tried to forge an action agenda
- based on sustainable development.
- </p>
- <p> Now, however, scientists are beginning to acknowledge that theories
- of sustainable use and development almost never work in practice.
- "What we are seeing is that conservation and development are
- not the same process," says the Wildlife Conservation Society's
- John Robinson, a leading revisionist on sustainable use. "If
- you are interested in development, you cannot get there by doing
- conservation, simply because the most diverse ecosystems are
- usually not the most productive in human terms." This means
- that development almost always brings losses of biological
- diversity. Instead of preserving the variety of a rain forest,
- for example, humans have the urge to chop down the trees and
- plant uniform crops.
- </p>
- <p> What's good for society in the long run is of no immediate concern
- to people who use up natural resources. Given the high cost
- of modern fishing equipment, an individual fisherman is driven
- to catch every last fish rather than limit catches and ensure
- long-term supply. And no matter how good the plan to manage
- an ecosystem, some people will cheat.
- </p>
- <p> Environmentalists cling to the idea of sustainable development
- because it enables them to present themselves as advocates of
- economic progress and, as Robinson puts it, "the concept allows
- them to play with the big boys and have an impact on huge development
- projects." If sustainable development proves illusory, environmentalists
- will be left with a huge problem: there is no big idea ready
- to fill the void. With human numbers expected to double in the
- next 60 years, policymakers must now find some new trail map
- that will enable humanity to walk the ledge between rising material
- expectations and the wholesale collapse of the biosphere.
- </p>
- <p> Robinson believes environmentalists will have to embrace anew
- the politically incorrect concept of pure preservation for some
- vital areas. For their part, policymakers must try to guide
- development away from sensitive ecosystems and toward regions
- where inevitable losses of diversity are more "acceptable."
- An economics that accurately accounted for the costs of destroying
- species would also help. Most likely, though, a sustainable
- future will not come from policy wonks, but rather from a broad
- change in values as ordinary people react to ecological disasters
- around them.
- </p>
- <p> By Eugene Linden
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-